TABLE OF CONTENTS
SECTION PAGE
INTRODUCTION xi
I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1
II. MARKET ENVIRONMENT 4
General 4
Economic Environment 5
Cyclical Trends 10
Long-Term Trends 13
Fixed Investment Outlook 14
Personal Income & Expenditure Outlook 17
Government Spending & Investment Outlook 19
Durable Goods Manufacturing Outlook 21
Motor Vehicle Outlook 22
Electrical & Electronic Sector Outlook 25
Legal & Regulatory Environment 28
Recycling 30
III. TECHNOLOGY 33
General 33
Basic Electrical Properties 34
Battery Construction & Operation 36
Conventional Battery Chemistries 38
Alkaline 39
Zinc-Carbon/Zinc-Chloride 39
Lead-Acid 40
Nickel-Cadmium 41
Others 42
Advanced Battery Chemistries 43
Lithium 43
Nickel-Metal Hydride 47
Zinc-Air 48
Rechargeable Alkaline 49
Other 49
Wireless Communications & Portable Computing 51
Hybrid/Electric Vehicles 53
Fuel Cells & Other Alternative Sources of Power 59
Fuel Cells 60
Other Sources of Power 62
Motor Vehicle Electrical Trends 65
Smart Batteries 67
IV. OVERVIEW 70
General 70
Pricing Patterns 72
International Environment 76
World Outlook 77
Foreign Trade 81
Primary Batteries 83
Secondary Batteries 86
V. PRIMARY BATTERY PRODUCTS 89
General 89
Alkaline Batteries 93
Primary Lithium 96
Other Primary Batteries 99
Zinc-Air 101
Zinc-Carbon/Zinc-Chloride 104
Silver Oxide 106
Specialty & All Other Primary Batteries 108
VI. PRIMARY BATTERY MARKETS 110
General 110
Consumer Market 113
Entertainment 115
Lighting 116
Toys & Games 117
Photography 118
Other Consumer Markets 119
Industrial Market 120
Government Market 123
Other Primary Battery Markets 125
VII. SECONDARY BATTERY PRODUCTS 128
General 128
Lead-Acid Batteries 132
Starting/Lighting/Ignition 134
Non-SLI 136
Motive Power 138
Stationary & Other Types 140
Rechargeable Lithium Batteries 141
Lithium Ion 144
Lithium Polymer 148
Nickel-Metal Hydride Batteries 149
Nickel-Cadmium Batteries 152
Other Secondary Batteries 155
Rechargeable Alkaline 157
Rechargeable Zinc-Air 158
Nickel-Hydrogen 159
Sodium-Sulfur 159
Exotic & All Other 160
VIII. SECONDARY BATTERY MARKETS 163
General 163
Motor Vehicle Market 166
Conventional OEM 169
Conventional Replacement 170
Hybrid-Electric Vehicles 172
Portable Device Market 176
Portable Computers 180
Personal Communication Devices 182
Power Tools 184
Other Portable Devices 185
Motive Power Market 188
Industrial & Mining Vehicles 189
Recreational & Personal Mobility Vehicles 191
Other Motive Power 192
Backup Power Supply Market 193
Industrial 195
Telecommunications 196
Utility-Related 197
Government & Other Secondary Battery Markets 199
Government 201
Mowers, Tractors & Industrial Trucks 202
Marine 203
Motorcycles 204
All Other 205
IX. INDUSTRY STRUCTURE 206
General 206
Industry Composition 207
Market Share 210
Primary Batteries 211
Lead-Acid Secondary Batteries 213
Non-Lead-Acid Secondary Batteries 215
Research & Product Development 216
Manufacturing 219
Marketing 222
Cooperative Agreements 223
Distribution 232
Financial Requirements 234
Mergers, Acquisitions & Industry Restructuring 236
Company Profiles 239
A123 Systems Incorporated 240
ABLE New Energy Company Limited, see Ultralife
American Power Conversion, see Schneider Electric
ASB Group, see Saft Groupe SA
Automotive Energy Supply Corporation, see NEC
BYD Company Limited 243
C&D Technologies Incorporated 245
Cobasys LLC, see Energy Conversion Devices
Crown Battery Manufacturing Company 247
Douglas Battery Manufacturing Company 249
Duracell Incorporated, see Procter & Gamble Company
EaglePicher Corporation 250
East Penn Manufacturing Company Incorporated 254
Electrochem Solutions Incorporated, see Greatbatch
Ener-Tek International Incorporated 257
Ener1 Incorporated 258
EnerDel Incorporated, see Ener1 Incorporated
Energizer Holdings Incorporated 261
Energy Conversion Devices Incorporated 264
EnerSys 267
Enertech International, see Ener1 Incorporated
Engineered Assemblies Corporation, see Greatbatch
Exide Technologies 271
GP Batteries International Limited 276
Greatbatch Incorporated 278
GS Yuasa Corporation 281
Hitachi Limited 284
Hymotion Incorporated, see A123 Systems Incorporated
Johnson Controls Incorporated 286
KCM Marketing, see East Penn Manufacturing
MarathonNorco Aerospace, see TransDigm Group
Matsushita Electric Industrial, see Panasonic
Maxell Corporation of America, see Hitachi Limited
MK Battery, see East Penn Manufacturing Company
NEC Corporation 290
Ovonic Battery Company, see Energy Conversion Devices
Panasonic Corporation 292
Power Battery Company Incorporated 295
Power-Sonic Corporation 297
Precious Plate Florida, see Saft Groupe
Procter & Gamble Company 299
Rare Earth Ovonic, see Energy Conversion Devices
Renata SA, see Swatch Group Limited
RPS Power Systems Incorporated, see Ultralife
Saft Groupe SA 302
Samsung SDI Company Limited 308
SANYO Electric Company Limited 310
SANYO GS Soft Energy, see GS Yuasa and SANYO Electric
Schneider Electric SA 313
Sony Corporation 314
Spectrum Brands Incorporated 316
Swatch Group Limited 319
Toshiba Corporation 321
TransDigm Group Incorporated 323
Trojan Battery Company 324
Ultralife Corporation 325
US Battery Manufacturing Company 328
Valence Technology Incorporated 329
Yardney Technical Products, see Ener-Tek International
Yuasa Battery Incorporated, see GS Yuasa Corporation
Other Companies Mentioned in Study 331
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NUMBER PAGE
SECTION I -- EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Summary Table 3
SECTION II -- MARKET ENVIRONMENT
1 Macroeconomic Indicators 10
2 Battery Market Trends, 1997-2007 12
3 Nonresidential Fixed Investment Expenditures 17
4 Personal Consumption Expenditures 19
5 Government Spending & Investment Trends 20
6 Durable Goods Shipments 22
7 Motor Vehicle Indicators 25
8 Electrical & Electronic Equipment Shipments 27
SECTION III -- TECHNOLOGY
1 Wireless Communications & Portable Computing
Device Demand 53
2 Hybrid/Electric Vehicle Market Trends 58
3 Selected Alternative Power Product Demand 59
4 Smart Battery Demand 69
SECTION IV -- OVERVIEW
1 Battery Supply & Demand 72
2 Battery Pricing Patterns 75
3 World Battery Demand 80
4 US Battery Foreign Trade 83
5 US Primary Battery Foreign Trade 84
6 US Secondary Battery Foreign Trade 87
SECTION V -- PRIMARY BATTERY PRODUCTS
1 Primary Battery Supply & Demand 92
2 Alkaline Battery Supply & Demand 96
3 Primary Lithium Battery Supply & Demand 99
4 Other Primary Battery Supply & Demand 101
5 Zinc-Air Battery Demand 103
6 Zinc-Carbon/Zinc-Chloride Battery Demand 105
7 Silver Oxide Battery Demand 107
8 Specialty & All Other Primary Battery Demand 109
SECTION VI -- PRIMARY BATTERY MARKETS
1 Primary Battery Demand by Market 112
2 Consumer Primary Battery Market 115
3 Industrial Primary Battery Market 123
4 Government Primary Battery Market 125
5 Other Primary Battery Markets 127
SECTION VII -- SECONDARY BATTERY PRODUCTS
1 Secondary Battery Supply & Demand 131
2 Lead-Acid Battery Supply & Demand 134
3 Starting/Lighting/Ignition Battery Demand 136
4 Non-SLI Lead-Acid Battery Demand 138
5 Rechargeable Lithium Battery Supply & Demand 144
6 Nickel-Metal Hydride Battery Supply & Demand 152
7 Nickel-Cadmium Battery Supply & Demand 155
8 Other Secondary Battery Supply & Demand 157
SECTION VIII -- SECONDARY BATTERY MARKETS
1 Secondary Battery Demand by Market 165
2 Motor Vehicle Battery Market 168
3 Conventional OEM Battery Market 170
4 Conventional Replacement Motor Vehicle Battery Market 172
5 Hybrid/Electric Vehicle Battery Market 176
6 Portable Device Secondary Battery Market 179
7 Portable Computer Battery Demand 182
8 Personal Communication Device Battery Demand 183
9 Power Tool Battery Demand 185
10 Other Portable Device Battery Demand 187
11 Motive Power Secondary Battery Market 189
12 Backup Power Supply Secondary Battery Market 195
13 Other Secondary Battery Markets 201
SECTION IX -- INDUSTRY STRUCTURE
1 Revenue Data: Selected Battery Manufacturers, 2007 209
2 Research & Development Spending Patterns: Selected
Battery Manufacturers 219
3 Capital Spending Patterns: Selected Battery Manufacturers 221
4 Selected Cooperative Agreements 226
5 Composite Financial Ratios: Selected Battery Manufacturers 236
6 Selected Acquisitions & Divestitures 238
LIST OF CHARTS
CHART NUMBER PAGE
SECTION II -- MARKET ENVIRONMENT
1 Battery Market Trends, 1998-2007 13
SECTION III -- TECHNOLOGY
1 Basic Battery Construction 37
SECTION IV -- OVERVIEW
1 Selected Battery Price Deflators, 1997-2017 76
2 World Battery Demand by Region, 2007 81
3 US Primary Battery Imports by Source, 2007 85
4 US Primary Battery Exports by Destination, 2007 85
5 US Secondary Battery Imports by Source, 2007 88
6 US Secondary Battery Exports by Destination, 2007 88
SECTION V -- PRIMARY BATTERY PRODUCTS
1 Primary Battery Demand by Chemistry, 2007 93
SECTION VI -- PRIMARY BATTERY MARKETS
1 Primary Battery Demand by Market, 2007 112
SECTION VII -- SECONDARY BATTERY PRODUCTS
1 Secondary Battery Demand by Chemistry, 2007 132
SECTION VIII -- SECONDARY BATTERY MARKETS
1 Secondary Battery Demand by Market, 2007 166
SECTION IX -- INDUSTRY STRUCTURE
1 US Battery Market Share by Company, 2007 211
2 US Primary Battery Market Share by Company, 2007 213
3 US Lead-Acid Secondary Battery Market Share by
Company, 2007 214
4 US Non-Lead-Acid Secondary Battery Market Share
by Company, 2007 216
