World Light-Duty Green Vehicles

Global green vehicle demand will grow rapidly through 2013, driven by government subsidies, technology breakthroughs and erratic oil prices. North America will remain the largest and fastest growing market. Conventional hybrid-electric vehicles will surpass natural gas types to become the most commonly sold.

This study analyzes the 1.8 million unit world green vehicle industry. It presents historical demand data for the years 1998, 2003 and 2008, and forecasts for 2013 and 2018 by vehicle type (natural gas, conventional hybrid-electric, electric, plug-in hybrid-electric), world region and for 13 countries.

The study also considers market environment factors, details industry structure, evaluates company market share and profiles 40 industry players, including Toyota, Iran Khodro and Fiat.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION PAGE INTRODUCTION ix I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 II. MARKET ENVIRONMENT 4 General 4 World Economic Overview 8 Recent Historical Trends 8 World Economic Outlook 11 World Population Overview 14 World Households 16 World Light Vehicle Overview 18 Light Vehicle Production 19 Light Vehicle Sales 23 Environmental & Regulatory Factors 25 Regulatory Convergence 26 Drivers of Regulatory Change 28 Pricing Trends 30 Competitive Assessment 33 Green Vehicle Technology Assessment 41 Pure Electric Vehicles 41 Hybrid-Electric Vehicles 43 Full Hybrid 44 Mild Hybrid 46 Plug-In Hybrid 47 Natural Gas Vehicles 48 Competing Technologies 48 Internal Combustion Engines 48 Spark Ignition Internal Combustion Engines 49 Diesel Internal Combustion Engines 51 Flexible Fuel Internal Combustion Engines 54 Fuel Cell Powered Vehicles 56 Energy Storage Technology 59 III. WORLD OVERVIEW 61 General 61 World Light-Duty Green Vehicle Supply & Demand Trends 62 Demand by Region 65 Supply by Region 67 Foreign Trade 69 World Light-Duty Green Vehicle Park 71 World Light-Duty Green Vehicle Demand by Type 74 Natural Gas Vehicles 74 Conventional Hybrid-Electric Vehicles 77 Electric Vehicles 79 Plug-In Hybrid-Electric Vehicles 81 IV. NORTH AMERICA 83 General 83 Green Vehicle Demand by Type 87 United States 88 Canada 96 Mexico 100 V. WESTERN EUROPE 107 General 107 Green Vehicle Demand by Type 111 Italy 112 France 117 Germany 124 United Kingdom 130 Sweden 136 Other Western Europe 141 VI. ASIA/PACIFIC 146 General 146 Green Vehicle Demand by Type 151 Japan 152 China 159 India 166 Australia 171 South Korea 176 Other Asia/Pacific 181 VII. OTHER REGIONS 186 Latin America 186 Macroeconomic & Green Vehicle Overview 186 Green Vehicle Demand by Type 190 Eastern Europe 192 Macroeconomic & Green Vehicle Overview 192 Green Vehicle Demand by Type 196 Africa/Mideast 197 Macroeconomic & Green Vehicle Overview 197 Green Vehicle Demand by Type 201 VIII. INDUSTRY STRUCTURE 203 General 203 Industry Composition & Market Share 206 HEV, EV & PHEV Light Vehicle Market Share 208 Natural Gas Light Vehicle Market Share 211 Mergers, Acquisitions & Industry Restructuring 212 Research & Product Development 216 Manufacturing 221 Marketing 222 Distribution 224 Financial Issues & Requirements 226 Strategic Partnerships 228 Company Profiles 231 AC Propulsion Incorporated 232 Aisin Seiki Company Limited 233 Automotive Energy Supply, see Nissan Motor Company Automotive Fuel Cell Cooperation Corporation, see Ballard Power Systems, Daimler and Ford Ballard Power Systems Incorporated 235 Bayerische Motoren Werke AG 236 Better Place, see Project Better Place LLC Blue Energy Company, see GS Yuasa and Honda Bosch (Robert) GmbH 238 BYD Company Limited 241 Chrysler Group LLC 242 Continental AG 245 Daimler AG 247 DENSO Corporation 251 Fiat SpA 253 Ford Motor Company 255 Fuji Heavy Industries Limited 259 General Motors Corporation 261 Green Propulsion SA 267 GS Yuasa Corporation 268 Honda Motor Company Limited 270 Hyundai Motor Company 273 Infineon Technologies AG 276 Iran Khodro Company 277 Kia Motors Corporation, see Hyundai Motor Company Lightning Car Company Limited 278 Lithium Energy Japan, see GS Yuasa and Mitsubishi Motors Mitsubishi Motors Corporation 279 Nissan Motor Company Limited 281 Panasonic Corporation 285 Panasonic EV Energy Company, see Panasonic and Toyota Peugeot SA 287 Phoenix Motorcars Incorporated 289 Project Better Place LLC 290 Renault SA 291 REVA Electric Car Company Private Limited 293 Saft Groupe SA 295 SAIPA Group 298 SANYO Electric Company Limited 299 SB LiMotive Company, see Bosch (Robert) Siemens VDO Automotive, see Continental Subaru, see Fuji Heavy Industries Tata Motors Limited 300 Tesla Motors Incorporated 302 Think Global AS 304 Toyota Motor Corporation 306 Visionary Vehicles LLC 312 Volkswagen AG 313 ZAP 315 ZF Friedrichshafen AG 316 LIST OF TABLES TABLE NUMBER PAGE SECTION I -- EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Summary Table 3 SECTION II -- MARKET ENVIRONMENT 1 World Gross Domestic Product by Region 14 2 World Population by Region 16 3 World Households by Region 18 4 World Light Vehicle Production by Region 23 5 World Light Vehicle Sales by Region 25 6 World Gasoline Direct-Injection Light Vehicle Sales by Region 51 7 World Diesel Light Vehicle Sales by Region 54 8 World Flexible Fuel Light Vehicle Sales by Region 56 9 World Commercial Motor Vehicle Fuel Cell Demand by Chemistry, Region & Product 58 SECTION III -- WORLD OVERVIEW 1 World Light-Duty Green Vehicle Supply & Demand 64 2 World Light-Duty Green Vehicle Demand by Region 67 3 World Light-Duty Green Vehicle Supply by Region 69 4 World Light-Duty Green Vehicle Net Exports 71 5 World Light-Duty Green Vehicle Park 73 6 World Light-Duty Green Vehicle Demand by Type 74 7 World Light-Duty Natural Gas Vehicle Demand 76 8 World Light-Duty Conventional Hybrid-Electric Vehicle Demand 78 9 World Light-Duty Pure Electric Vehicle Demand 80 10 World Light-Duty Plug-In Hybrid-Electric Vehicle Demand 82 SECTION IV -- NORTH AMERICA 1 North America Macroeconomic Indicators & Light-Duty Green Vehicle Supply & Demand 86 2 North America Light-Duty Green Vehicle Demand 88 3 United States Macroeconomic Indicators & Light-Duty Green Vehicle Supply & Demand 92 4 United States Light-Duty Green Vehicle Demand by Type 95 5 Canada Macroeconomic Indicators & Light-Duty Green Vehicle Supply & Demand 98 6 Canada Light-Duty Green Vehicle Demand by Type 100 7 Mexico Macroeconomic Indicators & Light-Duty Green Vehicle Supply & Demand 104 8 Mexico Light-Duty Green Vehicle Demand by Type 106 SECTION V -- WESTERN EUROPE 1 Western Europe Macroeconomic Indicators & Light-Duty Green Vehicle Supply & Demand 110 2 Western Europe Light-Duty Green Vehicle Demand by Type 112 3 Italy Macroeconomic Indicators & Light-Duty Green Vehicle Supply & Demand 115 4 Italy Light-Duty Green Vehicle Demand by Type 117 5 France Macroeconomic Indicators & Light-Duty Green Vehicle Supply & Demand 120 6 France Light-Duty Green Vehicle Demand by Type 123 7 Germany Macroeconomic Indicators & Light-Duty Green Vehicle Supply & Demand 127 8 Germany Light-Duty Green Vehicle Demand by Type 130 9 United Kingdom Macroeconomic Indicators & Light-Duty Green Vehicle Supply & Demand 134 10 United Kingdom Light-Duty Green Vehicle Demand by Type 136 11 Sweden Macroeconomic Indicators & Light-Duty Green Vehicle Supply & Demand 139 12 Sweden Light-Duty Green Vehicle Demand by Type 141 13 Other Western Europe Macroeconomic Indicators & Light-Duty Green Vehicle Supply & Demand 143 14 Other Western Europe Light-Duty Green Vehicle Demand by Type 145 SECTION VI -- ASIA/PACIFIC 1 Asia/Pacific Macroeconomic Indicators & Light-Duty Green Vehicle Supply & Demand 150 2 Asia/Pacific Light-Duty Green Vehicle Demand by Type 152 3 Japan Macroeconomic Indicators & Light-Duty Green Vehicle Supply & Demand 156 4 Japan Light-Duty Green Vehicle Demand by Type 158 5 China Macroeconomic Indicators & Light-Duty Green Vehicle Supply & Demand 163 6 China Light-Duty Green Vehicle Demand by Type 166 7 India Macroeconomic Indicators & Light-Duty Green Vehicle Supply & Demand 169 8 India Light-Duty Green Vehicle Demand by Type 171 9 Australia Macroeconomic Indicators & Light-Duty Green Vehicle Supply & Demand 174 10 Australia Light-Duty Green Vehicle Demand by Type 176 11 South Korea Macroeconomic Indicators & Light-Duty Green Vehicle Supply & Demand 179 12 South Korea Light-Duty Green Vehicle Demand by Type 181 13 Other Asia/Pacific Macroeconomic Indicators & Light-Duty Green Vehicle Supply & Demand 183 14 Other Asia/Pacific Light-Duty Green Vehicle Demand by Type 185 SECTION VII -- OTHER REGIONS 1 Latin America Macroeconomic Indicators & Light-Duty Green Vehicle Supply & Demand 189 2 Latin America Light-Duty Green Vehicle Demand by Type 192 3 Eastern Europe Macroeconomic Indicators & Light-Duty Green Vehicle Supply & Demand 195 4 Eastern Europe Light-Duty Green Vehicle Demand by Type 197 5 Africa/Mideast Macroeconomic Indicators & Light-Duty Green Vehicle Supply & Demand 200 6 Africa/Mideast Light-Duty Green Vehicle Demand by Type 202 SECTION VIII -- INDUSTRY STRUCTURE 1 Sales of Selected Light-Duty Green Vehicle Producers, 2008 205 2 Selected Acquisitions & Divestitures 215 3 Selected Cooperative Agreements 229 LIST OF CHARTS CHART NUMBER PAGE SECTION II -- MARKET ENVIRONMENT 1 Global Green Vehicle Demand Scenarios 5 2 Honda Civic Hybrid & NGV Model Breakeven Versus Civic ICE Model, US Market Example, 2009 Data 31 3 Options for Improving Light Vehicle Fuel Efficiency 34 4 Alternative Powerplant Forces at Work 35 5 Light Vehicle Powerplant Technology Assessment (Next Decade) 38 6 Price/Benefits Comparison of Selected Light-Duty Green Vehicles, 2009 Model Year 40 7 Types of Hybrid-Electric Vehicle Technologies 44 SECTION VIII -- INDUSTRY STRUCTURE 1 Light-Duty Green Vehicle Market Share, 2008 208 2 Light-Duty HEV, EV & PHEV Market Share, 2008 209 3 Light-Duty Natural Gas Vehicle Market Share, 2008 211 4 Trigger Technology Definition, Antilock Brake System Example 218 5 Green Vehicle Technologies with Multiple Possible Applications 220

World Light-Duty Green Vehicles

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World Light-Duty Green Vehicles

1 INTRODUCTION

2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Table | WORLD LIGHT-DUTY GREEN VEHICLE DEMAND (000 units)

3 MARKET ENVIRONMENT

3.1 General

3.2 World Economic Overview

3.2.1 Recent Historical Trends

3.2.2 World Economic Outlook

Table | WORLD GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT BY REGION (billion 2007 dollars)

3.3 World Population Overview

Table | WORLD POPULATION BY REGION (million persons)

3.4 World Households

Table | WORLD HOUSEHOLDS BY REGION (million)

3.5 World Light Vehicle Overview

3.5.1 Light Vehicle Production

Table | WORLD LIGHT VEHICLE PRODUCTION BY REGION (000 units)

3.5.2 Light Vehicle Sales

Table | WORLD LIGHT VEHICLE SALES BY REGION (000 units)

3.6 Environmental & Regulatory Factors

3.6.1 Regulatory Convergence

3.6.2 Drivers of Regulatory Change

3.7 Pricing Trends

3.8 Competitive Assessment

Table | LIGHT VEHICLE POWERPLANT TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT (NEXT DECADE)

3.9 Green Vehicle Technology Assessment

3.9.1 Pure Electric Vehicles

3.9.2 Hybrid-Electric Vehicles

Table | TYPES OF HYBRID-ELECTRIC VEHICLE TECHNOLOGIES

3.9.3 Natural Gas Vehicles

3.10 Competing Technologies

3.10.1 Internal Combustion Engines

Table | WORLD GASOLINE DIRECT-INJECTION LIGHT VEHICLE SALES BY REGION (000 units)

Table | WORLD DIESEL LIGHT VEHICLE SALES BY REGION (000 units)

Table | WORLD FLEXIBLE FUEL LIGHT VEHICLE SALES BY REGION (000 units)

3.10.2 Fuel Cell Powered Vehicles

Table | WORLD COMMERCIAL MOTOR VEHICLE FUEL CELL DEMAND BY CHEMISTRY, REGION & PRODUCT (million dollars)

3.11 Energy Storage Technology

4 WORLD OVERVIEW

4.1 General

4.2 World Light-Duty Green Vehicle Supply & Demand Trends

Table | WORLD LIGHT-DUTY GREEN VEHICLE SUPPLY & DEMAND (000 units)

4.2.1 Demand by Region

Table | WORLD LIGHT-DUTY GREEN VEHICLE DEMAND BY REGION (000 units)

4.2.2 Supply by Region

Table | WORLD LIGHT-DUTY GREEN VEHICLE SUPPLY BY REGION (000 units)

4.2.3 Foreign Trade

Table | WORLD LIGHT-DUTY GREEN VEHICLE NET EXPORTS (000 units)

4.3 World Light-Duty Green Vehicle Park

Table | WORLD LIGHT-DUTY GREEN VEHICLE PARK (000 units)

4.4 World Light-Duty Green Vehicle Demand by Type

Table | WORLD LIGHT-DUTY GREEN VEHICLE DEMAND BY TYPE (000 units)

4.4.1 Natural Gas Vehicles

Table | WORLD LIGHT-DUTY NATURAL GAS VEHICLE DEMAND (000 units)

4.4.2 Conventional Hybrid-Electric Vehicles

Table | WORLD LIGHT-DUTY CONVENTIONAL HYBRID-ELECTRIC VEHICLE DEMAND (000 units)

4.4.3 Electric Vehicles

Table | WORLD LIGHT-DUTY PURE ELECTRIC VEHICLE DEMAND (000 units)

4.4.4 Plug-In Hybrid-Electric Vehicles

Table | WORLD LIGHT-DUTY PLUG-IN HYBRID-ELECTRIC VEHICLE DEMAND (000 units)

5 NORTH AMERICA

5.1 North America: General

Table | NORTH AMERICA MACROECONOMIC INDICATORS & LIGHT-DUTY GREEN VEHICLE SUPPLY & DEMAND (000 units)

5.2 North America: Green Vehicle Demand by Type

Table | NORTH AMERICA LIGHT-DUTY GREEN VEHICLE DEMAND (000 units)

5.3 United States

5.3.1 United States: Macroeconomic & Green Vehicle Overview

Table | UNITED STATES MACROECONOMIC INDICATORS & IGHT-DUTY GREEN VEHICLE SUPPLY & DEMAND (000 units)

5.3.2 United States: Green Vehicle Demand by Type

Table | UNITED STATES LIGHT-DUTY GREEN VEHICLE DEMAND BY TYPE (000 units)

5.4 Canada

5.4.1 Canada: Macroeconomic & Green Vehicle Overview

Table | CANADA MACROECONOMIC INDICATORS & LIGHT-DUTY GREEN VEHICLE SUPPLY & DEMAND (000 units)

5.4.2 Canada: Green Vehicle Demand by Type

Table | CANADA LIGHT-DUTY GREEN VEHICLE DEMAND BY TYPE (000 units)

5.5 Mexico

5.5.1 Mexico: Macroeconomic & Green Vehicle Overview

Table | MEXICO MACROECONOMIC INDICATORS & LIGHT-DUTY GREEN VEHICLE SUPPLY & DEMAND (000 units)